turning women into leaders :: essays research papers

The evident under-representation of women in physics has broad implications, particularly for industries and government agencies that need technically educated staff. Quite simply, the global scientific workforce is failing to use a large fraction of its talent pool. The shortage of female physicists in academia exacerbates the situation, in that female students lack role models in the field. Of course, the nature and magnitude of the problem varies from country to country. But what is remarkably consistent is that the percentage of women in physics in all countries decreases markedly with each step up the academic ladder and with each level of promotion in industrial and national laboratories. The result is a dearth of women among physicists in leadership positions worldwide. Women are also poorly represented among physicists in decision-making roles in top research institutes, funding agencies, professional societies and government. Yet women who do reach these top positions seem to command as much respect as their male peers - and sometimes even more. So how has this situation arisen? In her book Why So Slow?: The Advancement of Women (1998 MIT Press), the psychologist Virginia Valian discusses the roles of what she calls "gender schemas" and "the accumulation of advantage and disadvantage". As she writes: "A set of implicit, or nonconscious, hypotheses about sex differences plays a central role in shaping men and women's professional lives. These hypotheses, which I call gender schemas, affect our expectations of men and women, our evaluations of their work, and their performance as professionals." Valian argues that small differences in the evaluation and treatment of men and women hold up the glass ceiling. "A useful concept in sociology is the accumulation of advantage and disadvantage. It suggests that, like interest on capital, advantages accrue, and that, like interest on debt, disadvantages also accumulate. Very small differences in treatment can, as they pile up, result in large disparities in salary, promotion and prestige." It may sound like a tautology, but the way to encourage women in physics is to have more women. More women means more female peers, more female role models, more mentors and more networks. In my own career of more than 40 years in academia and government, I have observed that the greater the number of women in a department or laboratory, the better they tend to fare - because, as Valian points out, "they are less likely to be perceived in terms of their gender and more in terms of their qualifications".

Is Worship Buddhist

Alexander Johnson Is Worship Buddhist? The most important thing about spirituality is that everyone has a unique experience with it. That being said, nobody has the right to say what is and what is not someone else’s belief system. Then we come to the case of Buddhism, where the initial teachings have evolved over the course of its history, and the question of being Buddhist becomes even more muddied.There are several works, claiming words directly from the mouth of Buddha, which describe methods of worship that will grant a worshipper great amounts of spiritual merit, such as presenting gifts or creating extravagant places of worship, which promise a better reincarnation or other good fortune. When one examines who stands to gain from such actions, however, it is fairly evident that whowever controls the fate of such sacrifices and work has much to gain indeed. This may be necessary for the survival of the religion and better for the entire community, but is not in of itself Buddhist.Then there are other Buddhist works which seem to directly contradict aspects of such worship. One central theme in the teachings is to avoid attachment to physical things; a ritual such as bathing a stone image daily or building a jewel encrusted shrine clearly opposes that idea. For one to attach oneself to even the attribute of being Buddhist is unbecoming of the purest practitioner. For nearly all things, and especially with spiritual practice, there is no black and white, merely shades of grey. Worship, along with all things, is subject to interpretation.

exxon valdez essays

exxon valdez essays On March 24, 1989 at 4 minutes past midnight, the oil tanker ExxonValdez struck a reef in Alaska's breath-taking Prince William Sound. Instantaneously, the quiet waters of the sound became a sea of black. "We've fetched up - ah - hard aground north of Goose Island off Bligh Reef, and - ah - evidently leaking some oil," Joseph Hazelwood, captain of the ship, radioed the Coast Guard Marine Safety Office back in Valdez. That "some oil" turned out to be a total of 11,000,000 gallons of crude oil leaking from the ruptured hull of the ship. By the time a containment effort was put forth, a weather storm had helped to spread the oil as much as three feet thick across 1,400 miles of beaches. A little over ten years have passed since the largest oil spill and the greatest environmental disaster in American history, but the waters and its surroundings are still recovering. At first, many people repeated what was then thought as common knowledge, "oil dissipates, nature heals quickly, all will be well in a year or two." This has not been the case with the Exxon Valdez. This massive 987-foot tanker has left a lingering, long-term effect on the natural habitat that surrounds these pristine waters, along with an enormous socio-economic effect that has left many people wondering when and where the next oil spill will be. Many associated with the recovery process, and its more than one hundred projects per year, say it will take longer than a human lifetime to determine if a full recovery is possible (Fine 1999). The Exxon Valdez oil spill was initially thought of as a two to three year clean-up project. As time went ahead, scientists and clean-up crews realized that it would take a longer period of time and require a lot more effort than originally planned. Up to this point, the oil has contaminated a national forest, four wildlife refuges, three national parks, five state parks, four "critical habitat areas" and a state game sanctuary,...

Science in Relation to Society essays

Science in Relation to Society essays All around us are people, places, and things. Waking up in the morning till bedtime at night, one meets people, sees things and places, and encounters rapid growth of science. To understand what science is all about, try to observe your nature or things that you do not encounter before and ask what, where, how and when such as what is a tornado? Where does tornado occur? How does tornado becomes destructible to community? And when does a tornado appear? The answers to these many questions are provided by science. Discovering new things through observation and experimentation is science. Science is a way of knowing. Science, in English dictionary, means acquiring knowledge by using specialized skill and techniques. In Latin, science is scientia, which means knowledge. In Latin verb, science means to know. According to Dr. Sheldon Gottlieb, a lecturer at the University of South Alabama, science is an intellectual activity carried on by humans that is designed to discover information about the natural world in which humans live and to discover the ways in which this information can be organized into meaningful patterns. A primary aim of science is to collect facts (data). An ultimate purpose of science is to discern the order that exists between and among the various facts. In science alone of all the subjects contains within itself the lesson of the danger of belief in the infallibility of the greatest teachers in the preceding generation. Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts. said by Richard Feynman, Nobel-prize-winning physicist. From the Multicultural History of Science page at Vanderbilt University, science involves more than the gaining of knowledge. It is the systematic and organized inquiry into the natural world and its phenomena. Science is about gaining a deepe r and often useful understanding of the world. For me, science is a collection of knowledge (information) by observing and making scientific f...

Scenario Involving A One Sarah, An 86 Year Old Retired Nurse Who Refuses Medical Treatment For A Serious Life-Threatening Medical Condition The WritePass Journal

Scenario Involving A One Sarah, An 86 Year Old Retired Nurse Who Refuses Medical Treatment For A Serious Life-Threatening Medical Condition Introduction Scenario Involving A One Sarah, An 86 Year Old Retired Nurse Who Refuses Medical Treatment For A Serious Life-Threatening Medical Condition at: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/en/Treaties/html/005.htm). Human Rights Act (1998) Article 2 – the Right to Life Article 3- Article 3- Right not to be subjected to degrading treatment Article 8 – Right to Respect for Private and Family Life The Mental Capacity Act (2005) Case Law Airedale NHS Trust v Bland 1993 AC 789 Bethlem Royal Hospital and Maudsley Hospital [1985] AC 871 Chester v Afshar [2004] UKHL 41 Evans v UK (2007) 43 EHRR 21 F v W. Berkshire HA [1989] 2 All ER 545 Re JT [1998] 1FLR 48 (FD) Markose v Epsom St Helier NHS Trust [2004] EWHC 3130 (QB) Paton v United Kingdom3 EHRR 408 1980 Pretty v United Kingdom [2002] 2 FLR 612 R v Lancashire HA ex parte A (2000) 2 FCR 525 (on the application of Burke) v General Medical Council [2005] Q.B. 424http://login.westlaw.co.uk/maf/wluk/app/document?src=doclinktype=refcontext=9crumb-action=replacedocguid=I16EE5690673D11E18ED7DEE3C0946BB5 Re B (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment) 2002 EWHC (Fam.) Re C (Adult: Refusal of Treatment) 1993 Fam 95 Re F [1990] 2 A.C. 1 Re MB (An Adult: Medical treatment) [1997] 2 FLR 426 R (N) v Dr. M., A Health authority Trust and Dr. O [2002] EWHC 1911 Re T (Adult: Refusal of Medical Treatment) 1993 Fam 95 Re W [1992] 4 All ER 627, 633 Savage v South Essex partnership NHS Foundation trust (2006) EWHC 3562 Schoelendorff v New York hospital 211 N.Y. 125 1914 Slater v Baker and Stapleton [1767] 8 Geo 111 860 Trust A, Trust B v H (an Adult Patient) (Represented by her Litigation Friend, the Official Solicitor)[2006] EWHC 1230(Fam) Others: Mental Capacity Act Code of Practice; (accessed on 20.06.2012 at: www.dca.gov.uk/legal-policy/mentalcapacity/mca-cp.pdf). Journal articles Johnston, C., and Liddle, J. (2007), The Mental Capacity Act 2006: a new framework forhealthcare decision making, Journal of Medical Ethics,2007; 33:94-97 MacLean, A., (2012), ‘From Sidaway to Pearce and beyond: is the legal regulation of  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  consent any better following a quarter of a century of judicial scrutiny?’ Med. L. Rev.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2012, 20(1), 108-129 Mallardi, V, The origin of Informed Consent, (Abstract written in English, Article in Italian) giving historical origins of the doctrine of informed consent dating way back to ancient Greeks and Egyptians (accessed on 15.06.2012 at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16602332. Shaw, J (1986), Informed consent: a German lesson (1986) International Comparative Law Quarterly 864 Stein R, and Frances Swaine (2002), Ms B v An NHS Trust: the patients right to choose, 152 NLJ 642 Stirrat, G M and Gill, R, Autonomy in medical ethics after O’Neill, J Med Ethics 2005; 31:127–130

Racial Discrimination in the Contemporary World Essay - 12

Racial Discrimination in the Contemporary World - Essay Example According to the study the concept that he actually realized was that most of the whites preferred sticking to their own groups. This was the beginning, but with time things changed and we got on better terms after a few months. However, the level of trust wasnt very high but I actually communicated with them. We were colleagues, but not friends who would actually go out or attend parties together. It can't be denied that my race did however, assist me in many matters. He formed a very strong bond and actually made really good friends with people who belonged to different races and were international students like me and most of whom came from countries such as India, China, Rwanda and a few from Somalia. However, it is important to note that these people were better off than me since they did not have a history of conflict with the US unlike the Arabs. They were oppressed basically on the account of their skin color and religion. There was a stronger feeling of trust between us and we knew that we could rely on each other. It was actually the racial discrimination that brought us all together because we were all facing the same difficulties. It was the common experiences and problems that brought us all together and it was after this that he could be very sure that he was not alone anymore. Another important benefit that   he acquired was the fact that he became aware of the different races and cultures as all of my friends belonged to different places.  

Measuring the Effectiveness of the Forum for Youth Investment Program Article

Measuring the Effectiveness of the Forum for Youth Investment Program - Article Example However, the perception of the potential outcome of such initiatives, as well as the prospect of having the projects realize the aforesaid interest needs to be validated. This interest remains best defined via the presentation of a possible avenue upon which the program may be evaluated. A possible path towards the realization of this interest anticipates the consideration of several critical principles. Such statutory guidelines offer an insight into the potential of the program in achieving the considered intent. Programs such as Forum for Youth Investment need to be vetted in order to be allowed to gauge the effectiveness of the initiatives on the ground. They need to express an ultimate potential or capacity of undertaking their principle agenda exponentially. This evaluation seeks to detail on this concern with the hope of presenting a reliable image of the potential of the Forum for Youth Investment. The evaluation hopes to be able to propose methods and measures that may allow for the reflection of the abilities accorded to the program This is deemed to be of essential merit to the initial developers that sought to use the program for the evaluation of their ideas (Yohalem & Wilson-Ahlstrom, 2009, 16). Additionally, the findings will be of benefit to the youths since they will offer useful information on the available vetting programs. Having the Forum for Youth Investment unevaluated allows for the reduction of its potential. The design will nest its focus on the principle structure of the program. This will espouse a top-down approach. The evaluation will consider the output of the program. This will form the base upon which to evaluate the adopted procedure and protocols. The evaluation will simply seek to identify the possibility of achieving the noted result from the adopted items of the check. The program has four levels of outcome.